WHAT IS A NETWORK ADDRESS?

WHAT IS A NETWORK ADDRESS?

• A network address is any logical or physical address that uniquely distinguishes a network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network. It is a numeric/symbolic number or address that is assigned to any device that seeks access to or is part of a network.

A network address is a key networking technology component that facilitates identifying a network node/device and reaching a device over a network. It has several forms, including the Internet Protocol (IP) address, media access control (MAC) address and host address. It

• Computers on a network use a network address to identify, locate and address other computers. Besides individual devices, a network address is typically unique for each interface; for example, a computer's Wi-Fi and local area network (LAN) card has separate network addresses.
  A network address is also known as the numerical network part of an IP address. This is used to distinguish a network that has its own hosts and addresses. 

What is the difference between Straight Through and Crossover Cable?

hen talking about cable pinouts we often get questions as to the difference in Straight-through, and Crossover cables and the intended use for each type of cable. These terms are referring to the way the cables are wired (which pin on one end is connected to which pin on the other end).

A RJ45 connector is a modular 8 position, 8 pin connector used for terminating Cat5e or Cat6 twisted pair cable. A pinout is a specific arrangement of wires that dictate how the connector is terminated. There are two standards recognized by ANSI, TIA and EIA for wiring Ethernet cables. The first is the T568A wiring standard and the second is T568B. T568B has surpassed 568A and is seen as the default wiring scheme for twisted pair structured cabling. If you are unsure of which to use, choose 568B.

What Is Straight Through Cable?

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes called a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends use T568B wiring standard.

What Is Crossover Cable?

An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly. Unlike straight through cable, crossover cables use two different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Choose a Straight Through or Crossover Cable?

Usually, straight through cables are primarily used for connecting unlike devices. And crossover cables are use for connecting unlike devices alike devices.

Use straight through cable for the following cabling:

• Switch to router
• Switch to PC or server
• Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

• Switch to switch
• Switch to hub
• Hub to hub
• Router to router
• Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
• PC to PC

The Main Differences-Straight Through and Crossover Cable

Straight through and crossover cables are wired differently from each other. One easy way to tell what you have is to look at the order of the colored wires inside the RJ45 connector. If the order of the wires is the same on both ends, then you have a straight through cable. If not, then it’s most likely a crossover cable or was wired wrong.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CABLES?

There are three types of cables used in wired transmission namely twisted pair cables, coaxial cables and fiber optic cables.

• TWISTED PAIR CABLES

·         Twisted pair cables are used for transmitting data in small areas. These cables are further divided into two types. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). RJ45 connector is used for connecting UTP cables. UTP is further divided into seven categories based on quality of cable. CAT1 cables are used in telephone lines with small data rate whereas CAT6 is used in LAN connections with high rate of data transfer.·

  COAXIAL CABLES

Coaxial cables carry signals with a frequency higher than that of twisted pair cables. These cables are categorized with the help of Radio Government (RG) ratings. RG-59 cables are used for cable TVs, RG-58 for thin Ethernet and RG-11 for thick Ethernet. BNC connectors are used for connecting coaxial cables.

• FIBER OPTIC CABLES

·         Fiber Optic Cables are used for transmitting high speed, longer distance signals with minimum interference.  Two types of connectors are used for connecting fiber optic cables. SC connector is used for connecting cable TVs whereas ST connectors are used for establishing connection between networking devices.

WHAT IS A NETWORK TOPOLOGY?

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

A network topology is the arrangement of nodes -- usually switches, routers, or software switch/router features -- and connections in a network, often represented as a graph. 

Types of Network Topology

BUS Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Features of Bus Topology

1. It transmits data only in one direction.
2. Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

1. It is cost effective.
2. Cable required is least compared to other network topology.
3. Used in small networks.
4. It is easy to understand.
5. Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1. Cables fails then whole network fails.
2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.
3. Cable has a limited length.
4. It is slower than the ring topology.

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RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
2. Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
2. Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
3. Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

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STAR Topology

In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Features of Star Topology

1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.

Advantages of Star Topology

1. Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
2. Hub can be upgraded easily.
3. Easy to troubleshoot.
4. Easy to setup and modify.
5. Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.

Disadvantages of Star Topology

1. Cost of installation is high.
2. Expensive to use.
3. If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
4. Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

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MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :

1. Routing
2. Flooding

Types of Mesh Topology

1. Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
2. Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.

Features of Mesh Topology

1. Fully connected.
2. Robust.
3. Not flexible.

Advantages of Mesh Topology

1. Each connection can carry its own data load.
2. It is robust.
3. Fault is diagnosed easily.
4. Provides security and privacy.

Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

1. Installation and configuration is difficult.
2. Cabling cost is more.
3. Bulk wiring is required.

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TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
2. Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1. Extension of bus and star topologies.
2. Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
3. Easily managed and maintained.
4. Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

1. Heavily cabled.
2. Costly.
3. If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
4. Central hub fails, network fails.

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HYBRID Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Features of Hybrid Topology

1. It is a combination of two or topologies
2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
2. Effective.
3. Scalable as size can be increased easily.
4. Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Complex in design.
2. Costly.

https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/transmission-mediums

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT NETWORKING DEVICES?

Networking Devices

Networking devices, or networking hardware, are physical devices that are required for communication and interaction between hardware on a computer network.

TYPES OF NETWORKING DEVICES

1.HUB

It is a networking device, which is used to connect multiple network hosts. A network hub is also used to data transfer. The data transferred in terms of packets on a computer network. When a host sends a data packet to a network hub, the hub copies the data packet to all of its ports connected to it. All the ports know about the data and the port. Thus, for whom the packet is intended, claims to it.

2. REPEATER

A repeater is an electronic device that work to amplify the signal it receives. In other terms, you can think of repeater as a device, which receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power so that the signal can cover longer distances.

3. SWITCH

The working of switch is similar to hub, but a switch is more intelligent than a hub. A switch does ‘filter and forwarding’ which is a more intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.

4. MODEM

A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator) that means it modulates and demodulates the signal between the digital data of a computer and the analogue signal of a telephone line.

5. ROUTER

A router is a network device, which is responsible for routing traffic from one network to another. These two networks could be a private company network to a public network. You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs different network traffic to different directions.

6. BRIDGE

If a router connects two different types of networks or two different subnetworks connects as a part of the same network then it is called as bridge. You can think of two different labs or two different floors connected by a bridge.

7. FIREWALL

A firewall is a network security device that grants or rejects network access to traffic flows between an untrusted zone (e.g., the Internet) and a trusted zone (e.g., a private or corporate network).

8. Network Interface Card

A Network Interface Card (NIC) is a computer hardware component that allows a computer to connect to a network. NICs may be used for both wired and wireless connections.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/

HOW TO BE A RESPONSIBLE NETIZEN?

WHAT IS A NETIZEN?

v  A netizen is someone who uses the internet. Most of these people who we call netizens are millennials or generation y, but, by simply searching something using the internet you have simply become a netizen.

v  There are also responsibilities you have as a netizen because the internet is a powerful weapon or tool that can be used against another netizen.

TIPS ON HOW TO BECOME A RESPONSIBLE NETIZEN

ü  BE AWARE OF WHAT YOU POST ONLINE

o    by simply posting something can affect yours or other people's lives that's why as a netizen you should be aware of what you post online

ü  DO NOT ENGAGE IN CYBER BULLYING AND OTHER INTERNET CRIMES

o    bullying is against the law and can make a huge impact on a person's life some even consider committing suicide just to escape bullying.

ü  READ BEYOND THE HEADLINE

o    Before sharing stories on social media, make sure to check if the source is reliable and if the information can be backed up with evidence. Another important response is to check the date and make sure the post is not outdated.

ü

REDUCE THE NOISE. DO NOT SHARE UNVERIFIED REPORTS ON SOCIAL MEDIA

o    Social media can easily get flooded in times of emergencies. Help reduce the noise by not spreading unverified information on social media – especially those that do nothing but provoke fear in the community.      

ü  MAKE YOURSELF GOOD ONLINE

o    For most of us there aren't too many ways of making yourself look silly in front of hundreds of people, but sending a badly spelled, grammatically incorrect, thoughtlessly put together e-mail message is one.

Always remember that the internet is a powerful tool and should not be abused and also remember to never criticize someone using the internet and to think before you click.

           

Source: https://inspiringtips.com/ways-to-be-a-better-netizen/ 

WHAT IS A COMPUTER NETWORK?

·       Network is a collection of two or more computers as well as other related devices.

Advantages and Disadvantages

ADVANTAGES:

Ø Reduce costs

§  Everyone in your home or office can share a single printer and a single high speed internet connection at the same time.

Ø Increased Efficiency

§  You can access data, pictures, and many other files on any connected computer without having to save them into a flash drive or USB flash drive or burning them in a CD.

Ø Economical

§  Purchasing software network license is relatively cheaper than purchasing individual license.

Ø More productivity

§  Shared internet access means no one needs to wait to use the Internet or email. Everyone can work simultaneously.

Ø Increase access to communication channels

§ You can communicate with others in the network using the email or an Instant Messaging (IM) software.

Ø More efficient patching of software

§  Software updates need only to be installed once. A patch is a piece of software design to fix or update the data of the computer program.

DISADVANTAGES:

Ø Network Failures

§  If the network fails, the users lose access to information and the ability to communicate electronically

Ø Server Error

§  In a server/client relationship network, server faults may prevent you from using some applications, or even accessing your computer

Ø Prone to hackers

§  Your system is open to hackers, especially if it is connected to the Internet at all times.

Ø Prone to virus

§  Networks are vulnerable to virus attacks. A virus is introduced in one workstation can spread quickly to other workstations.

Ø Distance Problem

§  Resources, such as printers, might be located too far from your table.

Network Media Types:

Ø Wired Network

·       It is the most efficient and practical method of networking where computers are connected with cables.

Ø Wireless Network

·       It is a computer network that is not connected by cables of any kind.

Types of Network

PAN (Personal Area Network)

v A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables communication between computer devices near a person. PANs can be wired, such as USB or FireWire, or they can be wireless, such as infrared, ZigBee, Bluetooth and ultra wideband, or UWB.

LAN (Local Area Network)

v A computer network that links devices within a building or group of adjacent buildings.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

v Is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN).

WAN (Wide Area Network)

v Is simply a network consisting of interconnected LAN. It is usually dispersed over a very wide area, and it is not uncommon to see WANs reaching across continents to link office networks with one another in serval international branch offices.